IMD World Competitiveness Ranking 2023

FACTORS BREAKDOWN - STRENGTHS AND WEAKNESSES SPAIN

u Overall top strengths v r ll T Str t

w Overall top weaknesses w Overall Top Weaknesses

KNOWLEDGE

2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 29 32 31 31 27 40 42 40 35 35 20 20 23 20 19

Sub-Factors

Talent

Training & education

Scientific concentration

Training & education

Scientific concentration

Talent

Rank

Rank

Rank

31 31 23 08 24 40 07

32 31 18 29 37 33

40 38 26 21 43 27

Employee training

Total expenditure on R&D (%)

Educational assessment PISA - Math

Total public expenditure on education

Total R&D personnel per capita

International experience

Higher education achievement

Female researchers

Foreign highly skilled personnel

Pupil-teacher ratio (tertiary education)

R&D productivity by publication

u

Management of cities

Graduates in Sciences

Scientific and technical employment

w

Digital/Technological skills

Women with degrees

High-tech patent grants Robots in Education and R&D

Net flow of international students

u

TECHNOLOGY

2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 34 36 37 35 38 33 34 34 31 30 23 27 24 28 22

Sub-Factors

Regulatory framework Capital

Technological framework

Capital

Technological framework

Regulatory framework

Rank

Rank

Rank

13 40 34 18 07 43

41 22 30 35 54 29

21 39 33 38 25 24

IT & media stock market capitalization

Communications technology

Starting a business

Funding for technological development

Mobile broadband subscribers

Enforcing contracts

Banking and financial services

Wireless broadband

Immigration laws

Country credit rating

Internet users

Development & application of tech.

Venture capital

Internet bandwidth speed

u

w Scientific research legislation

Investment in Telecommunications

High-tech exports (%)

w

Intellectual property rights

FUTURE READINESS

2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 25 35 33 25 21 38 48 49 44 43 25 30 29 20 19

Sub-Factors Adaptive attitudes Business agility

IT integration

Business agility

IT integration

Adaptive attitudes

Rank

Rank

Rank

17 24 41 32 12 13

22 30 18 10 34

34 10 34 58 44 42

Opportunities and threats

E-Government

E-Participation

World robots distribution

Public-private partnerships

u

Internet retailing

Agility of companies

Cyber security

Tablet possession

Use of big data and analytics

Software piracy

w

u Smartphone possession

Knowledge transfer

Government cyber security capacity

w

Attitudes toward globalization

Entrepreneurial fear of failure

Privacy protection by law content

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