IMD World Competitiveness Ranking 2023

FACTORS BREAKDOWN - STRENGTHS AND WEAKNESSES ROMANIA

u Overall top strengths v r ll T Str t

w Overall top weaknesses w Overall Top Weaknesses

KNOWLEDGE

2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 48 51 50 51 50 51 54 59 55 56 38 39 43 44 47

Sub-Factors

Talent

Training & education

Scientific concentration

Training & education

Scientific concentration

Talent

Rank

Rank

Rank

50 47 11 22 48 36 37

44 41 48 54 35 39

42 56 55 48 11 52

Employee training

Total expenditure on R&D (%)

Educational assessment PISA - Math

Total public expenditure on education

Total R&D personnel per capita

w

International experience

Higher education achievement

Female researchers

w

u

Foreign highly skilled personnel

Pupil-teacher ratio (tertiary education)

R&D productivity by publication

Management of cities

Graduates in Sciences

Scientific and technical employment

u

Digital/Technological skills

Women with degrees

High-tech patent grants Robots in Education and R&D

Net flow of international students

TECHNOLOGY

2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 41 43 40 39 39 59 61 61 61 59 36 37 40 41 40

Sub-Factors

Regulatory framework Capital

Technological framework

Capital

Technological framework

Regulatory framework

Rank

Rank

Rank

34 56 40 49 04 36

39 18 27 46 51 43

53 48 57 53 49 54

IT & media stock market capitalization

Communications technology

Starting a business

Funding for technological development

Mobile broadband subscribers

w

u Enforcing contracts

Banking and financial services

Wireless broadband

w

Immigration laws

Country credit rating

Internet users

Development & application of tech.

Venture capital

Internet bandwidth speed

u

Scientific research legislation

Investment in Telecommunications

High-tech exports (%)

Intellectual property rights

FUTURE READINESS

2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 48 45 42 46 48 46 53 57 59 45 55 54 50 42 42

Sub-Factors Adaptive attitudes Business agility

IT integration

Business agility

IT integration

Adaptive attitudes

Rank

Rank

Rank

49 58 28 52 14 38

46 43 33 43 55

44 35 41 37 40 37

Opportunities and threats

E-Government

E-Participation

World robots distribution

Public-private partnerships

w

Internet retailing

Agility of companies

Cyber security

Tablet possession

Use of big data and analytics

Software piracy

Smartphone possession

Knowledge transfer

Government cyber security capacity

u

Attitudes toward globalization

Entrepreneurial fear of failure

Privacy protection by law content

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