Digital_Ranking_Report_2021

Scientific concentration 1.3.1 Total expenditure on R&D (%) (Percentage of GDP) OECD Main Science and Technology Indicators UNESCO http://stats.uis.unesco.org National sources

National estimates, projections or provisional data for the most recent year. Chile, Denmark, France, Japan, Korea, Netherlands, Portugal, Slovenia, Spain and Sweden: break in series. Hungary (up to 2003), Israel: defense excluded(all or mostly). Indonesia: Estimate based on target GERD by the Ministry of Science and Technology. Sweden: underestimated or based on underestimated data. USA: excludes most or all capital expenditure. 1.3.2 Total R&D personnel per capita (Full-time work equivalent (FTE) per 1000 people) OECD Main Science and Technology Indicators UNESCO http://stats.uis.unesco.org National sources National estimates, projections or provisional data for most recent year. Czech Republic, Colombia, Denmark, Finland, Korea, Mexico, Netherlands, Hungary, Japan, Portugal, Slovenia, Sweden and Taiwan: break in series. United Kingdom: underestimated or based on underestimated data. Jordan, Philippines: based on headcount, not FTE. 1.3.3 Female researchers (% of total (headcount FT&PT)) UNESCO OECD (2021), “Main Science and Technology Indicators”, OECD Science, Technology and R&D Statistics (database) Female researchers (headcount) who are mainly or partially employed in R&D. This includes staff employed both full-time and part- time. Expressed as a percentage of the total workforce (male + female) 1.3.4 R&D productivity by publication (No. of scientific articles over R&D expenditure (as % GDP)) NSF Science & Engineering Indicators 2020 Courtesy: National Science Foundation National sources The indicator is calculated as a ratio between the number of scientific articles by author’s origin and the total expenditure in R&D as % GDP, which clearly include the input costs to produce research (e.g. researchers’ salaries, equipement etc.). The result gives therefore the number of scientific articles published every year for a one percent (of GDP) expenditure in R&D activities. This measure can be consider as a proxy to assess the efficiency (or productivity) in producing high-level scientific research at country level. 1.3.5 Scientific and technical employment (% of total employment) Eurostat OECD (2021), “Labour Force Statistics: Employment by activities and status”, OECD Employment and Labour Market Statistics ILOSTAT National sources Scientific and technical employment as a % of total employment. Defined as formal employment within the ‘scientific and technical’ sector. For more information, refer to NACE2 category M (or equivalent). Philippines: 2020 data are preliminary figures for October 2020. 1.3.6 High-tech patent grants (% of all patents granted by applicant’s origin (average 2014-2016)) WIPO Statistics Database http://www.wipo.int/ipstats/en/statistics/patents/ TIPO for Taiwan High-Tech patent grants as a percentage of total patent grants (Direct and PCT national phase entries) by applicant’s origin. Three year average to reduce volatility. Counts are based on the grant date. Country of origin refers to the country of residency of the first- named applicant in the application. Taiwan: data compiled by TIPO using data supplied by international patent offices (USPTO, JPO, EPO, KIPO, SIPO). 1.3.7 Robots in Education and R&D (number of robots) World Robotics 2020 International Federation of Robotics (IFR) Industrial robot as defined by ISO 8373:2012: an automatically controlled, reprogrammable, multipurpose manipulator programmable in three or more axes, which can be either fixed in place or mobile for use in industrial automation applications. The primary source is data on robot installations by country, industry and application that nearly all industrial robot suppliers worldwide report to the IFR Statistical Department directly. Several national robot associations collect data on their national robot markets and provide their results as secondary data to the IFR. This data is used to validate and complete the IFR primary data. IFR Statistical Departments estimates the operational stock assuming an average service life of 12 years with an immediate withdrawal from service afterwards.

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IMD WORLD DI G I TAL COMPET I T I VENESS RANK ING 2021

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